Biotype and plant adaptability // Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae)

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In this new post, I will share with you botanical content on the biogeographical adaptability of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae), a specimen of perennial biotype, evergreen foliage, and active photosynthesis regardless of unfavorable climatic conditions.

Introduction

Within the main biogeographical categories that dominate terrestrial plant ecosystems, there are evergreen and deciduous communities, the former corresponding to a group of species of tree and shrub biotype that have photosynthetically active leaf layers throughout the year, a biological aspect that is the opposite of the deciduous species, characterized by the loss of their photosynthetic layers at certain times of the year, essentially when climatic conditions are not favorable [1].

Climatic conditions provide unique conditions for the establishment and dominance of some type of vegetation, hence, the patterns of plant growth in ecosystems are closely related to the behavior of annual climate cycles, that is, the environmental factor influences the physiognomy of each eco-region.

However, in the same eco-region it is common to observe plant species of evergreen condition, determined by their constant foliage greenness throughout the year, being also common to find plant species of deciduous behavior in the dry season, bioclimatic response associated with a manifestation of survival in the face of water shortage.

Consequently, the post will describe the mechanism of biogeographic adaptability of the ornamental species Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae) better known as Cayenne, relating its morphological behavior in times of drought.

Biotype and plant adaptability

Biogeographic zones show a behaviour of morphological approximation between plant species of different taxa, determined by the climatic behaviour of the particular eco-zone or bio-region, therefore, the environmental aspect prevails in the expression or biological typical form of the plants.

In summary, the features or characteristics that plant species possess are influenced by climatic conditions, therefore, morphological changes expressed phenotypically respond intrinsically to variations in light hours, rainfall and temperature, hence, these physiological responses allow the formation of potential communities (forests, shrublands, grasslands, among others) adapted to specific climates.

Biological characteristics

The Cayenne Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, is categorized as a species of perennial phenological duration, woody consistency and organographic adaptability of phanerophyte condition, which reveals that its vegetative and reproductive buds, are located in the intermediate knots and apical cauline, over 50 cm from the ground [2].

Evolutionary adaptations

The biogeographical adaptability and agromorphological characteristics observed in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are considerably homogeneous, exhibiting tolerance to climates with continuous solar exposure, and susceptibility to eco-regions exhibiting temperatures below 6°C, indicating that the phenological cycles of the cayenne do not thrive in temperate or relatively cold climates [4].

Ecological amplitude

Within the biogeographic zones, which guarantee optimal productive growth of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cayenne, are tropical and warm ecosystems, with average annual rainfall of 2,000 millimeters, temperatures ranging from 13 to 21°C and fertile soils with good drainage [5].

Ornamental potential and utility

Economic importance

The exuberant coloration exhibited by the petals of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, added to its prolonged flowering, have converted this plant specimen into one of the most valuable and economically important ornamental phyto-resources, mainly due to its recognized commercial quality in Asian and European countries, linked to the ease with which the vegetative structures can be pruned, which allows its practical use as a bush fence or decoration of urban spaces [4] .

Fig. 2 Leaf blades of Cayenne Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae). Author: @lupafilotaxia.

Bush fence

The perennial growth and low size that characterizes the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, gives it some architectural potential widely used as a biological resource, to divide perimeter, houses, gardens, institutions, parks, among others.

Fig. 3 Perennial biotype stem of Cayenne Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae). Author: @lupafilotaxia.

Decoration of urban spaces

The uniformity and color shown by the petals of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, are elements that have positioned this plant species as an exclusive ornamental product to decorate urban spaces, whose flared flowers and in multiples of five favor the beautification of closed or open areas.

Fig. 4 Cayenne reproductive flower bud Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae). Author: @lupafilotaxia.

Fig. 5 Reproductive flower structure of Cayenne Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae). Author: @lupafilotaxia.

Agro-morphological field study

Species and area of study

In order to socialize some morphological responses that show the plant species of evergreen condition, I will socialize with all of you a study on the biogeographical adaptability of the Cayenne Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae), the area of study corresponds to a zone of humid tropical climate of the eco-region of the South of the Lake of Maracaibo, punctually the perimetral area of the Laboratory of Computer science of the UNESUR, university institution located in Santa Barbara de Zulia - Venezuela.

Methodological approach

To determine the characteristics of biogeographical adaptability of the cayenne Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae), morphological observations were made during the dry season in order to characterize the physiological condition of the foliage and the wilting or defoliation.

Morphological results

Physiological condition of foliage

According to the observations made in situ, the unfavourable hydric condition present, did not affect the foliage (set of foliar laminae), on the contrary it was evident enough plant biomass in a homogeneous way, with photosynthetically active and turgid foliar laminae, which indicates, that Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, has mechanisms of everlasting nature that guarantee a hydric balance at cellular level.

Wilt or defoliation

In relation to wilting or defoliation of leaf blades, the field morphological study allowed the identification of vegetative segments with yellowish and dry leaf blades, a biological condition that according to [3] is probably due to a physiological response of resistance that the species presents to counteract the hydric stress generated in times of drought, an action that arises as a mechanism of leaf readjustment, to guarantee a hydric balance and in this way not affect the rest of the foliage.

Fig. 6 On the left yellow leaf blade, on the right dry vegetative structure of Cayenne Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae). Author: @lupafilotaxia.

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS PUBLICATION


  • The content socialized in this post with the whole academic-scientific and Spanish-speaking community in the Steem social network, details aspects linked to the biological behavior of the main communities within the terrestrial plant ecosystems, specifically of the evergreen group, emphasizing the strategy of tactical-morphological character that exhibits the plant species Hibiscus rosa-sinensis of the family Malvaceae, to induce wilt and defoliation in certain vegetative segments, as a physiological resource of resistance to counteract the hydric stress generated in times of drought, and on the other hand, guaranteeing photosynthetically active foliage throughout the year. On the other hand, the aspects considered in the post, offer descriptive information for future investigations where variables of edaphic or pathogenic condition can be valued, as for example; effect of the acidity of the soil on the photosynthetic capacity of specimens of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES CONSULTED AND CITED:


[1] Lawton B. Hibiscus: Hardy and tropical plants for the garden. Workman Pub Co. UK. 2004;1:53-78.

[2] Pekamwar S., Kalyankar T., and Jadhav A. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis: A review on ornamental plant. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;2;6:4719-4727.

[3] Acevedo E., Silva P., and Silva H. Tendencias actuales de la investigación en la resistencia al estrés hídrico de las plantas cultivadas. Boletín técnico (Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales).1998;49: 1-28.

[4] Aparicio D. Mejora genética y producción de Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Horticultura. Producción de ornamentales. 2006;30-32.

[5] Cabrera J., García F., Romero R., Cordero R. Producción de Tulipán Hibiscus rosa-sinensis en Morelos. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales. Primera edición. LITOCASA. México. 2008;16.

[6] Jadhav V., Thorat R., Kadam V., and Sathe N. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn – ‘‘Rudrapuspa’’: A Review. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2009;2;7: 1168-1173.


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